Understanding and managing inflammation inside the eye.
Introduction and Overview
The eye has three different layers of tissue: the protective outer layer called the sclera, the middle layer called the uvea, and the inner layer called the retina. The iris, ciliary body and choroid form the uvea. Uveitis is an inflammation of any part of the uvea. Sometimes, uveitis affects other areas of the eye, for example, the retina, optic nerve or the lens.
Causes include infections or trauma. Other forms of uveitis are presumed to be “autoimmune”, where the body’s own immune system reacts against the body itself.
Uveitis can be acute (lasting days or weeks) or chronic. Some cases of uveitis can seriously affect vision and the long-term health of the eye. Permanent loss of sight can result, but these cases are uncommon.
It can occur at any age, may affect one or both eyes, and has the potential to cause serious vision problems if not treated promptly. Uveitis is classified according to the part of the uvea affected.
Types of Uveitis:
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Anterior Uveitis (Iritis) Involves inflammation at the front of the eye. It often develops suddenly, and symptoms can last for weeks. Some cases are recurrent, while others become chronic.
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Intermediate Uveitis Affects the middle portion of the eye. Symptoms may persist for weeks to years and can fluctuate in severity over time.
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Posterior Uveitis Involves the back of the eye, developing gradually and often lasting for many years.
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Panuveitis When all layers of the uvea are inflamed, often in more severe cases.
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Causes and Symptoms of Uveitis
Causes of Uveitis
In many cases, the exact cause of uveitis is unknown. However, it can be associated with:
- Infections such as shingles (herpes zoster), herpes simplex virus, syphilis, Lyme disease, or toxoplasmosis
- Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus
- Eye injury trauma or surgery
- Lifestyle factors such as smoking increase the risk of developing uveitis
Symptoms of Uveitis
Uveitis can develop suddenly or gradually. Symptoms may include:
- Redness of the eye (with or without pain)
- Sensitivity to bright light (photophobia)
- Blurred vision
- Sudden onset of floaters (specks or shadows in the vision)
If you notice any of these symptoms, contact your ophthalmologist immediately.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Uveitis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves a detailed eye examination, often using a slit-lamp microscope to assess the front and back of the eye. Because uveitis can be linked to other systemic conditions, your ophthalmologist may recommend additional tests, including:
- Physical examination
- Blood tests or skin tests
- Analysis of eye fluid samples (if required)
- Imaging studies, such as X-rays
You may also be asked about your general health history to help identify any underlying cause.
Treatment
Prompt treatment is important to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and prevent long-term damage to the eye. Management may include:
- Anti-inflammatory eye drops
- Pupil-dilating drops to relieve pain and reduce swelling
- Oral or injectable medications for more severe or persistent cases
- Collaboration with a rheumatologist or other specialists when uveitis is linked to an underlying systemic disease
Clinical Disclaimer
The information provided on this page is for general educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Every individual’s condition is unique, and the details presented here may not apply to your personal situation. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider regarding any questions or concerns you have about your health or treatment options. Reliance on this information is solely at your own risk.